by now的音標是[ba? n?w]，基本翻譯為“到目前為止，迄今為止”。速記技巧是：由by+now組成，by是介詞，now是副詞，組合使用表示時間的范圍。

By now這個詞的詞源可以追溯到古英語by-now，它是由by（在旁邊）+ now（現在）組成的，表示“現在”的意思。

By now的變化形式主要有復數形式by nows，現在分詞by-nowing，過去式和過去分詞by-nowed。

相關單詞有：now，nowadays，noon，new，next，modern，previous，latter，subsequent等。這些單詞都與時間、位置、新舊、順序等概念有關，與by now有著密切的聯系。例如，now表示現在，nowadays表示現在（通常），new表示新的，next表示下一個等。這些單詞在英語中廣泛應用，是英語詞匯的重要組成部分。

總之，By now作為時間副詞，表示“到現在為止”，其詞源和變化形式以及相關單詞都與時間和現在的概念有關。

常用短語：

1. by now 現在

2. up to now 到目前為止

3. as of now 從現在開始

4. until now 到目前為止

5. now and then 時而

6. from now on 今后

7. in the meantime 與此同時

例句：

1. I hope to have a chance to work in a big company by now. (我希望現在能有機會在一家大公司工作。)

2. Up to now, I have learned a lot of new skills in this internship program. (到目前為止，我在這個實習項目中已經學到了很多新的技能。)

3. As of now, I am planning to start my own business in the future. (我現在計劃將來自己創業。)

4. Until now, I have been trying to improve my English skills through reading and speaking practice. (到目前為止，我一直通過閱讀和口語練習來提高我的英語技能。)

5. Now and then, I like to go for a walk in the park to clear my mind. (時而我喜歡去公園散步以放松心情。)

6. From now on, I am committed to studying hard and achieving my goals. (今后，我決心努力學習，實現我的目標。)

7. In the meantime, we must prepare for the future and make sure we are ready for whatever comes our way. (與此同時，我們必須為未來做好準備，確保我們為任何可能發生的事情做好準備。)

英文小作文：

Now that summer vacation is coming to an end, I am looking forward to returning to school and starting a new semester. By now, I have learned a lot of new things during my vacation, but I am also eager to learn more and grow as a student. I hope to make some new friends and participate in various activities to enhance my skills and experience. Additionally, I am looking forward to the opportunity to work on group projects with my classmates, as it will provide me with valuable team-building experience. Overall, I am excited about the new challenges and opportunities that lie ahead and am confident that I will make progress and achieve my goals this semester.